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Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that high-dose vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) can profoundly influence nuclear envelope integrity by modulating the expression and processing of lamin A—an essential nuclear scaffold protein that silences unneeded genes and maintains normal nuclear morphology. These effects are of particular interest in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), where a faulty lamin A (called progerin) drives accelerated aging, as well as in cancer cells that often downregulate lamin A to gain nuclear pliability. Recent in vitro work has shown that active vitamin D3 (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol) reduces progerin production in HGPS cells while stabilizing critical DNA repair proteins such as BRCA1 and 53BP1, underscoring vitamin D’s broader role in genomic integrity. Furthermore, correcting lamin A deficits may force a shift from fermentative glycolysis (the Warburg effect) toward oxidative phosphorylation—supporting the metabolic theory that compromised mitochondrial function and a lax nuclear envelope go hand in hand in both cancer and progeria. This article also emphasizes the importance of supplementing vitamin K2 and magnesium when using high-dose vitamin D3 to avoid hypercalcemia.
Abstract
What if cancer cells are more than just rogue mutations—what if they represent a startling evolutionary throwback to our single-celled ancestors? In this paper, we uncover striking parallels between embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and cancer cells, focusing on their shared reliance on glycolysis (the Warburg effect), absence or minimal expression of lamin A, and capacity for indefinite self-renewal. We further reveal how these features mirror primordial life forms that predate Earth’s oxygenation. By exploring the evolutionary sequence—mitosis first, followed by sophisticated DNA repair and apoptosis—we illuminate how metabolic insufficiency in mitochondria can stall the apoptosis program, unleashing unregulated proliferation reminiscent of ancient single-celled behaviors. Building on Thomas Seyfried’s metabolic theory of cancer, we posit that restoring robust mitochondrial function might reverse cancer cells’ atavistic shift or even trigger their long-delayed cell death. From the subtle epigenetic changes that accompany mitotic chromosome segregation to the universal vulnerability of DNA under conditions of compromised energy, our synthesis bridges molecular biology, evolutionary theory, and clinical oncology. Readers will discover compelling evidence that cancer may be, at its core, a metabolic disease—one that seizes upon ancestral cellular states to circumvent modern-day apoptotic defenses. This perspective not only reframes our understanding of cancer’s origins but also promises novel therapeutic avenues targeting mitochondrial metabolism, inspiring us to look backward in order to move medicine forward.
Abstract
A growing body of evidence challenges the conventional view that aging is merely an accidental byproduct of essential genes and metabolic processes. Instead, this paper revisits a long-overlooked 1998 hypothesis that posited aging is modular—composed of multiple, independently evolved systems that each co-opt the vulnerabilities of the last. Fresh insights are developed concerning short LARP1 (Horvath’s #1 pro-aging gene with an unusual RNA binding site on the protein) a scarcely studied nuclear lncRNA that likely truncates ATM and XP/CS mRNAs and downregulates/prevents the production of WRN by interfering with mRNA spliceosome functions. From these insights, how aging proceeds in at least four evolutionary waves is revealed. System #1 (plant-like vascular/structural decline) appears vestigial in humans, overshadowed/co-opted by Horvath’s universal epigenetic clock. System #2 centers on mitochondrial dysfunction in motile organisms. System #3, tied to advanced DNA repair and immune function, propels progeroid syndromes such as ataxia telangiectasia Cockayne syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum. Finally, system #4—emerging alongside sexual reproduction—dominates in Werner’s syndrome, unifying older pathways with newfound genomic instability.
In highlighting short LARP1’s proposed ability to sabotage crucial mRNA splicing leading to defective repair and structural proteins, a surprising synergy is illuminated: these sequentially-evolved senescence pathways act less like random breakdowns and more like a deliberate “orchestra” of aging. Each system is associated with one of the canonical Yamanaka factors (KLF4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Oct4), underscoring the developmental roots of senescence. Far from dismissing aging as a mere trade-off under antagonistic pleiotropy, new evidence is presented consistent with an evolutionarily conserved program—one that likely offers local species-level benefits in predator-rich ecosystems by preserving genetic and phenotypic diversity by preventing excessive, homogenizing contributions to the gene pool by single individuals. The same selection pressure also selects for menopause in humans and declining fertility in animals with aging. Interestingly, the same evolutionary logic that explains aging’s adaptive role applies to the advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction, as sexual reproduction further accelerates genetic (via recombination) and phenotypic diversity and bolsters resilience against evolving predators. For gerontologists, evolutionary theorists, and epigenetic researchers alike, this framework suggests that aging emerges from deeply adaptive, multi-layered processes rather than serendipitous decline, opening avenues for therapeutic disruption and a deeper understanding of life’s final act.
Abstract
Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A) and Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B) are flavin-dependent enzymes that progressively increase with age in many tissues. It is proposed that both serve as “death genes,” depleting Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) and thereby reducing mitochondrial energy production—mirroring the known action of CD38, which depletes Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+). Although MAO-A retains certain developmental and sex-related roles, MAO-B appears to confer no clear early-life benefit and emerges as the first true, fully dedicated death gene documented. This discovery challenges classical evolutionary theories and suggests an unexpected “programming” of aging. The contrasting knockout phenotypes are detailed—dramatic aggression and neurotransmitter imbalance for MAO-A vs. subtle or minimal deficits for MAO-B. How the parallel depletion of NAD+ (by CD38) and FAD (by MAOs) undermines electron transport chain function in a near-symmetric manner is also examined. These findings open new therapeutic possibilities, including targeted inhibition of MAO-B (and MAO-A) and combined strategies preserving both NAD+ and FAD to mitigate age-related decline. This finding also calls into question a core principle of the selfish gene theory of evolution and suggests a need for a reevaluation of mainstream theory.